Niche website marketing tool myriad search authority finder

It is widely accepted that major search engines, such as Google, Yahoo! and MSN, place a very high importance on inbound links from authority websites.

The fastest way for a new niche website to get in all the major search engine indexes is to acquire links from 'expert' websites. Links from relevant authority websites can get your site in the Big Three indexes literally overnight.

Although, asking those sites for links is almost pointless, you can provide an article or participate in the site's forum and embed a link to your website into your article byline or forum signature, that is a common practice. Be unique, have something worth saying.

But how to find authority websites for your niche?

Myriad Search Authority Finder is a relatively new meta search engine by Aaron Wall (SEO Book) designed primarily to help find authoritative websites for your keywords. Want to know which websites rank well for your niche key phrase? Myriad Search will show you, presenting search results with their relative rankings from Google, Yahoo, MSN and Ask. com.

The output of Authority Finder is in %. For a site to have 100% authority it would need to rank #1 in all four engines. You can then use these results to locate sites consistently rated as authorative across search engines, based on the keyword string being searched for.

Let's jump right in and find out the most valuable websites for keyword phrase 'dog training' as an example of using the Myriad Search.

If you have the Virtual Real Estate Toolbar installed, simply enter 'dog training' into the toolbar's search box. If you don’t have the VRE Toolbar installed, go to the Myriad website ( myriadsearch. com), enter the phrase into the search box and press Search.

Wait a moment while it scans the search engines, and now you have a list of 'expert' websites to work with. You can save the search results in a CSV (comma separated values) file.

Let's analyze the Myriad results for 'dog training'.

#1 is uwsp. edu/psych/dog/dog. htm. This site is #1 in Google, #6 in Yahoo! and #3 in Ask. com. A valuable. edu website, that has links to commercial products. If you have a quality relevant product, you can try to acquire a link from them.

#2 is dogpatch. org/obed. They are #7 in Google, #10 in Yahoo! and #1 in Ask. com. There are forums you can participate in. There are links to websites with dog training related articles.

#3 is dogtrainingbasics. com - #2 in Yahoo! and #2 in MSN - you can submit your article in their Articles section.

#4 is dogproblems. com - #3 in Google and #2 in Ask. com - has a forum; has links to other dog training products and websites.

#5 is apdt. com - #8 in Google, #18 in Yahoo! and #6 in Ask. com - has an e-mail discussion list and news bulletins for members.

and so on…

As you can see, there is an opportunity to get one-way links from authority websites for your niche. And the Myriad Search Authority Finder is a great tool to identify those expert websites.

Life insurance. bargain life insurance when you take out a pension policy

At last, a real life insurance bargain – but as always there are strings attached!

If you take out a new pension policy after 6 th April 2006 and within the same premium pay for life insurance cover, then you can use your pension contribution tax allowance to reduce the cost of your life insurance. This means if you're a standard rate taxpayer, you'll receive 22% tax relief on your life insurance premiums and relief at 40% if you're a higher rate taxpayer.

The combined premium you pay for your pension and life insurance will automatically be reduced by 22% by the pension provider. But if you're a higher rate taxpayer, you'll need to claim the balance to bring your relief up to 40%, on your year-end self-assessment tax return.

But there are three strings attached:

• The pension company must also provide your life insurance and be paid as one combined premium.

• The current value of your pension fund plus the sum insured by your life insurance policy must not exceed Ј1.5 million.

• Your combined annual premium for your pension and life insurance must not exceed Ј215,000.

In practice the savings on your life insurance will not be quite as big as you might otherwise expect. Its because the underlying premium for the life insurance cover will be a bit more expensive than a stand-a-lone policy with the same company and, in all probability, the insurance company providing your pension policy won't be the cheapest on the life insurance market. Furthermore, you can't buy a combined pension and life insurance policy online - so you'll miss out on the Internet's discounted life insurance prices.

Nevertheless, if you're a higher rate taxpayer, your tax savings are bound to guarantee that your life cover is a real bargain! If you're a standard rate taxpayer you'd be wise to do a little homework. Before you buy, you should get an online quote for life insurance to compare against the price you'd pay if you bought it alongside your new pension.

There are some other points you also need to know. Firstly we know you'll ask whether you can convert your existing life insurance policy into a combined pension purchase. The answer is no! The tax relief is only available if from the outset, you take a pension and life insurance policy as one combined purchase.

Secondly, the life insurance cover can only apply to the owner of the pension policy - you can't add in anyone else on the life insurance policy. Joint policies aren't available as a pension/life insurance package.

And whilst many people also add critical illness cover to their life insurance, this is not possible when you have a pension/life insurance package. Critical illness cover pays out a tax-free lump sum if you are diagnosed with a specified serious illness which is listed on your policy. If you want critical illness cover, you'll have to buy a normal stand-a-lone policy.

Finally, if you're going to buy a pension life insurance package and replace your existing life cover, a few words of warning. You'll obviously be older now than when you first took out your existing life insurance policy. This means that the premium rate on your new cover will be higher.

Furthermore, the premium for your new policy could be loaded if you've developed any medical conditions since taking out your original life insurance. Remember, even if you've simply put on weight, your premium could be loaded. In extreme medical cases, the proposed insurer might even totally refuse to provide life cover. To avoid the possibility of being caught without life insurance cover or being forced to accept a more expensive premium, you should obtain written confirmation from your pension company that they will insure you. You then need to compare their proposed cost, net of tax, with your existing premium.

Climbing gear

Climbing is a sport that is adventurous and exciting but also involves a certain level of risk. These risks can be reduced if the right gear is used.

Climbing gear is very unique, right from the kind of shoes and gloves we wear. This equipment makes a lot of difference, and this difference can mean life or death. The level of safety thus depends directly on the equipment we use.

Previously, people just used regular tennis shoes, a normal rope and a regular belt for climbing. But these days, there is fashionable gear that makes climbing not only fun, but also safe. Regular climbing gear includes: shoes/mountaineering boots, gloves, harnesses, ropes, racks, belay devices, locking carabiners, helmets, axes, headlamp, sunglasses, first aid kit, camming devices, sewn runners, climbing belays, climbing harnesses, climbing screws, pulleys, pitons, holds, books/maps, special pants, and even underwear for rough weather. Other personal items may comprise: food and water, sun block, extra clothing, camera, tent, cookware, camp stove, sleeping bag/pad, a knife, approach shoes and a chalk bag.

Climbing gear has to be carefully carried since it has to stay with you until you reach the top. You can clip some of the things to your harness, thus keeping the upper part of the body relatively lightweight. However, you may not be able to carry too many things like this, and there is also the chance of losing some things on the way. Most climbers use special backpacks that are designed to hold most of the essential things.

There are many providers of climbing equipment. Some of the most popular brands are: Black Diamond, Volcom, Nixon, Oakley, Smith, Spy, The North Face, Nikita, Eagle Creek, Dakine, Mountain Hardwear and others. Climbing equipment has to be certified by the International Federation of Mountaineering Associations (UIAA) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Before buying the equipment, test for the right size, as comfort is very important. There are many manufacturers of climbing gear today. Check for their products by testing them. Companies are making very durable, strong, yet lightweight products for climbing.

Pool tables fun for the whole family

Did you know that the first pool tables made an appearance in nineteenth century horse racing betting - poolrooms? Strange but true…though at that time the game was known as Billiards and tables were put up there for people to kill time between races. Because the game was set up in ‘pool rooms’, it was eventually named pool.

In those days pool tables looked a lot different from their present Avatar. They were just ordinary tables where the balls kept rolling off (Didn’t they see it coming?!) To handle this problem wooden railings of about 4-6 inches wide were added to the sides and viola! You could shoot pool like never before! Later the table went through further modifications, customizations and improved over the years to evolve into its current form. Though Pool or Billiards as it was known then, has always been seen as a “bad boys’ ” game, it is today one of the most popular sports across the globe.

If you too, are looking out for a good quality table, settle for nothing less than a solid hard wood with a slate surface. We recommend slate over veneer or wood because it levels perfectly and offers a smooth playing experience. Whether you want a standard size 8 feet X 4 feet table or a tournament 4 1/2 feet 9 feet one remember to check the quality of the surface fabric, which could be either wool or a woolen blend.

Slate tables could burn a hole in your pocket with prices starting from above $ 950 but nonslate is more affordable hovering around $350. Again this varies according to the size and the quality of wood and other materials used. To make life easier, try online auctions and stores to get a good price and no-hassle shipping. There are also always great deals going on online, so don't rush into buying one without shopping around first.

Many reasons pregnancy and alcohol never mix

Noah is nine years old and in the second class. He was considered to be in the third grade this year, but he has had regular enigmas learning in school. His attention duration is not what other kids' are, and in fact, he suffers from little mental retardation. In addition, inferior hearing also hinders his performance at school. And it could all have been prevented if his mother had not drunk -- and drunk heavily -- while pregnant with her child.

There's a reason that doctors tell pregnant women not to drink alcohol during their pregnancy. There are several known neurological, physical and mental issues that can cause if you drink alcohol during this period. These disorders all lie in the category known as FASD: "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders." The best known of these issues are Fetal Alcohol Effects (or "FAE") and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (or "FAS"). Within the category of Fetal Alcohol Effects are two sub-categories: Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (or "ARND") and Alcohol Related Birth disorders (or "ARBD").

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a tragic condition, since it is totally cureable. FAS causes mental retardation in the child, deformities in the skeleton and some parts, growthdeficiencies, poor motor skills, problems with the nervous system, understanding problems, insufficiency in the attention span and with talk, hearing and problem-solving. It can also cause death.

FAS also known to cause certain facial features in the baby. Some of these include an upturned or short nose, smaller than normal eyes, thin lips, and flat cheeks. While these features will go away over time, most of the other difficulties will last throughout the child's lifetime.

As mentioned, Fetal Alcohol Effects come in two major categories. These are Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Alcohol Related Birth Defects. The first category (ARND) refers to conduct and mental problems such as poor output at school, learning disabilities, insufficient impulse control, memory problems, and problems with judgment and giving heed span. The second category (or ARBD) refers to skeletal malformations, and also deformities in major organs (the kidneys, heart, auditory system, or even the bones).

While related, Fetal Alcohol Effects are not similar from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAE results from a moderate amount of drinking during the pregnancy. FAS results from an extreme amount of drinking alcohol throughout the pregnancy, including drinking on a daily basis or binge drinking. Regardless of whether it's FAS or FAE, the results are still lifelong, irreversible, and tragic. The reason is that it is not safe to drink any alcohol while pregnant--period. However, the more you drink, the more you put your baby at danger.

So how do the mom-to-be prevent Fetal Alcohol Effects and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? It's quite obvious: She must abstain from all alcohol while pregnant. If she does this, there is no chance -- zero -- of having a child with either FAE or FAS.

To find out more about this particular subject, call (800) 666-6327. That's the number for the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and they would be delighted to remind you information.

Games which are the easiest to play

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Here is a guide to the best online games. Find yourself winning, or at least not necessary losing in the long run. The best casino games are games that have a low house edge or games where by practicing your skill you can have an advantage over the casino. Those with the lowest house edge are blackjack and video poker. By improving the skill with which you play poker and blackjack, you gain an advantage over the other player or over the casino.

House Edge:
First, here is an explanation about the term house edge. The house edge is the way the casinos create an artificial advantage over the player to ensure their profits. The advantage is created by not paying the true odds. The house edge is the gap between the true odds and the odds the casino actually pays out for a winning.

Here is an example for clarification. The true odds in an American roulette game are 37:1. However, if you place a one dollar bet, you would be paid 35 dollars instead of 37 dollars, which are the true odds. The two dollars gap between the true odds and the actual payout is the casino house edge. You can calculate American roulette house edge by dividing 2 dollars by 38. The result is 5.26 percent.

Poker:
This is an exceptional casino game. It is the only casino game where you play against the other players instead of competing against the casino. There is not a house edge in poker. Instead, most casinos ensure their profits by collecting a rake, which is a certain percentage of the pot used to cover expenses. Other casinos charge each player by the hour.

Poker is the best casino game to play if you are a skilled player. A skilled player with experience, excellent knowledge in certain game rules, smart strategy and an ability to read facial expressions would have an advantage over the less skilled poker players, especially those who rely on their good fortune.

Blackjack:
This is the only casino game where the advantage can be shifted from the player to the dealer. When you are playing blackjack and using an optimal strategy, the house edge can be lower than 0.5 percent. You can increase your odds of winning and lower the house edge by learning the strategy based on the mathematics of the game.

Another way to lower the casino advantage in blackjack is by card counting. A skilled card counter can adjust his bets and his strategy according to the proportion between high cards and low cards. Mastering card counting requires skill and practice. In addition, since casinos are not especially welcoming card counters to their blackjack tables, you should also practice your hiding skills.

Video Poker:
The resemblance between video poker and slot machine sometimes causes confusion. Nevertheless, contrasting to slot machine, video poker is a game of skill. Playing video poker using an optimal strategy can lower its house edge to less than half percent. As opposed to slot machines, in video poker machine the pay table on the front of the machine enables you to determine the expected return of the game.

For example:
1) In a 9/6 Jacks or Better video poker machine, the expected return percentage can be as high as 99.5 percent.
2) In a 8/5 Jacks or Better machine the return percentage can be 97.3 percent and 95 percent in a 6/5 Jacks or Better video poker machine.
3) In a full paying Deuces Wild machine, the expected return percentage can be 100.17 percent.

The best tips to lose your weight and burn your fat

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The effective way to burn your fat and lose you weight is exercise. It’s a vital part of any weight loss program. Several people try to reduce their weight by increasing their level of their activity. You can combine a reduced calorie diet with an increased level of physical activity. If you have enough time, it is the good way to go to fitness club. Next, try to eat fresh and vegetables. In order to lose you weight, you have to eat the low calorie food. And everyone knows fresh fruit and vegetables are the best answer. The modern Western diet is one of fatty processed foods with fresh fruit and vegetables pretty much sidelined. The fruit and vegetable that you eat not only help you look young and help you to lose your weight but also boots you energy, reduce your calorie, and provide you with vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants. The next tip is to eat a lot but eat smaller amount. Rather than eating the big meals during the day and felling link a sloth afterwards, try to eat more meals in the day but smaller portions. This tip can help you feel good all the day and can also help you lose your weight. You can have six or seven small meals (it can be fruit and vegetable) at two or three hour intervals.4. If you want to skip the breakfast, you are wrong. I know it's tempting, you are busy, and you want an extra five minutes in bed, but do not skip breakfast. A good healthy breakfast stops you from overeating and studies show it controls your appetite and blood sugar levels throughout the day. The last tip is to try to drink lots of water. It will be good if you can have around 8-10 glasses of water a day. It can help you to diet and have less amount of food during the day. So many people t eat their meal late at night because of a hectic lifestyle. You cannot digest the meal that you have eaten before 8pm and it will increase your weight. Try eating a light meal in the evening and your main meal earlier in the day. If you want more information about weight issue, please visit my blog. Burn Stomach Fat

How to bind documents with velobind hard cases

Hardcases have an elegant texture and design, to provide the impressive appearance of a casebound book. One option for achieving this elegant and impressive look is by using your GBC Velobind binding machine along with Velobind hardcases. Velobind hardcases are available in five standard thicknesses from 1/4" up to 1-3/8". If you look at a Velobind Hardcase, you will notice the following features:

1. The inside cover is marked with a letter (A, B, C, D or E). This letter designates the size (thickness) of document that particular hardcase will accommodate. The benefit to the customer is that they will always know what thickness hardcase they have, even if it is not in the original carton.

2. Two end sheets (fly sheets are used with each hardcase (they are packed separate in the carton containing the hardcases). These end sheets are adhesive backed, and are to be bound with the document being inserted into the hardcase. These sheets will adhere to the inside of the front and back hardcover.

Hold an end sheet so that the folded tear-off sheet faces you. Notice that there is a portion of the sheet which is exposed just opposite the fold. This "lip" is the area that will be punched in the binding process.

3. The backbone of the hardcase is made with "softfoam" adhesive spine. Lift the paper backing up slightly on the backbone (do not remove it at this time) to see the adhesive. The adhesive foam helps hold the document to the hardcase during the binding process.

Once you have the document that you need to bind in hand you need to choose the size of hardcase that is appropriate for that document. In order to determine what letter size of case you need for your document you can refer to the chart on the Backstop of the Velobind or Surebind system three pro. Take your hardcase and open it up to check what letter is stamped on it.

Place on end sheet on top of the document and one on the bottom (where you would normally place the binding covers). The folded tear off sheet should face the hardcase, itself. Also, the lip should be on the edge to be bound.

Punch the document, including the end sheets. Bind the document like any other Velobind Or SureBind bound book (the end sheets will act as covers) using a standard Velobind HotKnife Strip. Now your document is ready to be bound into the hardcase.

Take the hardcase, open it and lay it on the table (inside up). Take the document to be bound and lay it on the table. Remove the protective strip from the backbone to expose the adhesive. Take your bound document, and center the document on the back cover of the hardcase, pressing the strip portion into the backbone adhesive. If the book is not centered, carefully pick it up, and realign till centered. Fold the front cover over the top of the document, making sure that the hard case front cover and back cover are in alignment. If not, repeat process till centered. You can move the document as many times as necessary until you have pulled the fly sheets - then it is permanently bound.

If you are right handed, use your left hand to place it firmly on the top of the document where the strip is (you will want to keep it from moving within the hardcase). Then, take your right hand and reach under the inside of the front cover until you can grip the foldback sheet of the end paper. Gently pull up on it, letting the hard cover fall on the adhesive-coated end paper. Repeat this process for the back cover. One the tear-off sheet is completely out of the book, press down completely over the entire front and back cover make sure all the adhesive is adhered to the case.

Mesothelioma

Tragically the word mesothelioma is becoming more and more well known, the mere mention of it striking fear into all of us for we know that it is associated with death. Asbestos is the reaper, mesothelioma its hand maiden.

Asbestos, the wonder product of the fifties is now recognized as an enemy of the twentieth century. A ruthless enemy which will kill more people than the war. Men, women and children will fall victim to its prey, innocents who have at some time in their lives inhaled asbestos dust.

Most of us have been in contact with products containing asbestos in our life times. We sat in asbestos class rooms, stood beside our fathers as they cut asbestos fencing, pulled up old linoleum with asbestos clogged to the back of it. Visited the local tip where broken sheets of it lay open to the wind.

Records show that there are a higher number of people afflicted with asbestosis and mesothelioma who have directly worked in asbestos mines, ship yards and companies making products from asbestos; however there are a large number of people afflicted, who have never worked in these industries. Their contact with asbestos, due to the dust brought home on their husband’s clothes or from the asbestos tailings placed around mine houses and town perimeters. But the tragedy does not end there, children innocently playing in their own back yards played amongst the asbestos tailings as children elsewhere play in the sand. They had no way of knowing that their sand was asbestos blue. A good bath at the end of the day may have removed the dust from the skin but the dust in the lungs remained and would lay dormant for many years before claiming its deadly legacy.

Without warning, a healthy individual suddenly becomes short of breath, x-rays reveal fluid on the lungs and the night mare begins. Questions are asked and you answer, Yes, I was exposed to asbestos dust but I was only in the town for a few short months and that was over 40 years ago. How can this be? This is the most perplexing thing about mesothelioma. Why is there such a long period of time between inhalation of asbestos dust and onset of the disease? What triggers a strong healthy body to suddenly succumb to it? What can we do to prevent this from happening?

Blood tests are now available to determine whether mesothelioma is present in the body, before a person is aware of any symptoms. This is an amazing breakthrough and perhaps the first step towards curing the disease before it becomes terminal. Recently mesothelioma was cured in a mouse and attempts to give it back to the mouse were unsuccessful. This too is exciting stuff and holds a glimmer of hope for us all.

I have witnessed first hand the devastation of mesothelioma. My husband was a strong and virile man who rarely had a sick day in his life. Suddenly at the age of 52 he became short of breath and was subsequently diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma. He had lived in the asbestos mining town of Wittenoom in Western Australia for a few short months at the age of seven. The asbestos dust he inhaled then, took forty five years to become lethal. I still find this hard to believe.

Despite his prognosis of three to nine months, Brian survived for two years. He was 54 years old when he died.

How to play texas holdem

Texas Holdem has become such a popular Game that most tournaments now days are Texas Holdem games, and there are even 2 or 3 television shows dedicated to the game. Texas Holdem is a 5 card poker game, but instead of each layer being dealt 7 cards, the dealer deals 5 cards in the center of the table, these cards are used by all the players to make the best hand possible. To make your hand each player is also dealt 2 cards and the object is to use the cards in your hand and the ones on the table to make the best hand you can.

There are 5 rounds of Texas Hold’em Poker and they are:

The Pre-Flop

The Flop

The turn

The River

The Showdown

During a Texas Holdem game between each round there is a round of betting, and is when players with bad hands may fold.

In the game of Texas Holdem the first round is the pre flop. During this round the big and the small blinds place their bets, the big and small blinds are the first two players to the dealers left. Before the players are allowed to look at their cards the small blind must place a bet of half the table minimum and the next player who is the big blind must place a bet of the table minimum and then the dealer gives each player their hole cards. The hold cards is the name of the 2 cards each player has that are exclusively theirs, these cards guarantee that each player has a chance to make a better hand then the other players, without them all you would have is the 5 communal cards.

In Texas Holdem the next round is the flop. This is when the dealer deals out the first 3 of the 5 communal cards. It is during this round that most players will fold; betting in this round is usually very conservative because 2 more cards are still needed and betting big on the chances that the cards you need are the ones that will appear is taking a big chance with your money, one that can coast you to bust out of the game early.

The third round is called the turn. The turn is when the dealer puts out the 4th communal card. At this point you can get a good idea of your chances of getting a winning hand and now is when the betting starts to heat up, and more people will drop out of the game.

The river is the last of the 5 cards to be turned over by the dealer. At this point all the cards available to make the hands have been put out, this is also the last time to bet before turning over the cards.

The last round of Texas Holdem is the showdown, this is when all players turn over their cards and a winner is declared. You now have all the information you need to start playing Texas Holdem.

Angola the republic

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Angola: The Facts

• Angola is a country in south west Africa


• Borders the countries of Namibia, Zambia, and Congo. Angola also borders the Atlantic Ocean off the west coat and with a west coast along the Atlantic Ocean.


• Angola has plenty of natural resources; the most common being oil and diamonds.


• Capital city is Luanda, which is also the largest city


• Official language is Portuguese


• Total area - 1,246,700 kmІ


• Population - 10,978,552 (ranked 71 in the world for size)


• Angola is a former portuguese colony


• Angola is divided into 18 provinces: 1 Bengo, Benguela, Bia, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire


• Angola has three main ethnic groups, each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, and Bakongo 13%.


• The great majority of the inhabitants are of Bantu stock with some admixture in the Congo district.


• In the coast towns the majority of the white inhabitants are Portuguese.


• The Mushi-Kongo and other divisions of the Ba-Kongo retain curious traces of the Christianity professed by them in the 16th and 17th centuries and possibly later.

Feel free to reprint this article as long as you keep the following caption and author biography in tact with all hyperlinks.

Morocco vacations and travel information

Before you venture on your Moroccan holiday it is important to make sure all of your accommodation requirements are taken care off. One of the advantages to holidaying in Morocco is the fact that regardless of your budget, you can find a reasonable rest house for the duration of you stay. Even the most basic room can be found at a reasonable cost with adequate amenities and a clean comfortable atmosphere.

Depending on the destination of choice while staying in Morocco, the money you will pay for accommodation will vary. The capital city of Rabat offers reasonable accommodation for almost any budget, but with the more luxurious to be found in the city centre. The Mercure Hotel in Rabat is situated in the heart of the city and is only five minutes away from the main historic monuments.

Another reasonably priced hotel to be found in Rabat is the Sheherazade Hotel. This hotel is set in a quiet residential area and is a stones through from the tour hassan and the Mohammed V Mausoleum. Offering a gracious and comfortable stay, the Sheherazade Hotel is perfect for any traveler. Located just 15 minutes from the Rabat-sale international airport, this hotel is ideal for your every need.

Or for a more luxurious stay then the La Tour Hassan Meridian 5 star hotel offers a perfectly situated hotel with all amenities at the highest standard.

The hotels to be found in Marrakesh range from the ridiculously expensive to the affordable comfortable abode. For those looking for special treatment while staying in Marrakech, then a stopover at the La Maison Arabe is called for. Known as the culinary place to be, the La Maison Arabe hotel offers not just a congenial place to rest your head, but a gastronomic feast. Even our very own Winston Churchill made a point of dining here!

The Ksar Char-Bagh Palace is stylish and handsome. Situated in the heart of the snow topped peaks of the Atlas mountains and nested between stunning palm groves, the Ksar Char-Bagh Palace is a treasure to Marrakesh.

Taroudant is a popular day trip location for the Moroccan traveler. This location has a certain charm and grace to be found no where else in Morocco and is set in the midst of groves of oranges and pomegranates. The high walls which surround this majestic land are tinted with pink and orange and is a sight to be seen, For those who wish to extend there stay then the La Gazelle D’or hotel offers an exceptional five star service. This hotel not only provides all the luxury you could wish for but is also situated in a 250 acre park which takes your breath away.

The hotels in each area are an example of the quality and class to be found. Obviously depending on your own budget, these hotels may be suited to your needs or you may want to consider unadorned or more reasonably priced accommodation. Although even the more basic establishments can provide adequate accommodation at a sound price. This is one of the attractions to Morocco, there is something to suit everyone.

Betfair race trading pt 4. laying backing and dutching. pots of gold or pots of pain

Laying:

A lot of new customers to Betfair are attracted by the prospect of a new style of bet; namely, “Laying”, which is being allowed to back the loser of your chosen sport or event.

In relation to horse racing, this is known as “Laying” a horse i. e. Backing it to lose the race.

Laying a horse to lose is effectively the direct opposite of backing it to win.

It has actually always been possible to do this via a traditional bookmakers by backing every horse in the race to win using a “Dutching” mechanism, except of course the horse that you want to lose.

The result being, that whichever horse wins the race, as long as it is not the one you chose as the one you want to lose, you will make a set amount of profit.

To do this in a real life situation in a bookmakers as the horses are at the post, you have to be a mathematical savant or some other form of genius, and you may also get a rather strange look from the staff at Ladbrokes.

The Betfair computers take all the aggro out of “Laying” your selection. They do all the math and present you with a single decimal odd for laying your selection.

Laying horses can be attractive and profitable to seasoned professionals who attend race meets and can visibly see a horse directly before a race.

Satellite Information Services are available for those with an enormous budget, but even so, they may not focus directly on the horse you are interested in so may not give you any real clues pre race.

Let me explain the problem with “Laying” using an analogy.

You have a favourite at 3/1 in your Maiden Handicap at Chepstow, the field is large, 12 riders and there are 3 or 4 strong contenders in this race all bunched at around 4’s and 5’s

This is a terrible race to try and lay select and I will explain why.

The professional lay punter will go to the paddock 15 minutes before the race just as the horses are going down and will see that the favourite in this race is in fact very nervy, the eyes are jumping, the sweat has turned into white foam, the head is down and he refuses to canter or gallop.

Meanwhile the other 3 contenders are lightly sweating with a glossy shiny coat and bright steady eyes. They are cantering and galloping around with their heads and ears pricked up.

A professional punter now has about 2 minutes to phone Betfair or use his wireless laptop and get a large lay on the “out-of-sorts” favourite before the hobby punters, the on course bookies and TV cameras catch on, and the price on this horse starts drifting, first with the on course bookies, then Betfair and then the internet bookies.

This is what you are up against trying to outwit the professionals, the bookies, the market and Betfair. It can be done, but please heed my words of caution.

Without seeing the runners and riders before this race, it would be impossible to say with any certainty which of the major contenders is going to win and which will lose, and the main problem with laying is the enormous cost of paying for the rest of the field should your lay selection go on to win.

Always remember the comparison with Dutching in that you are betting on every other horse in the race to win with wagers that return an equal amount whichever horse wins.

In other words, should the horse you left out of the Dutch win you have to pay for every other horse in the race.

Also and this is a very serious point that many punters laying on Betfair are totally missing.

Betfair vaunts much of its success on its ability to provide punters with better odds than they will get to “Back” events with traditional bookmakers, and this they invariably achieve.

But as I have discussed in article 3, due to the higher back prices and the market “Spread” the lay prices are in fact far worse than what you would get if a traditional bookies offered the option to lay horses.

To back this up lets examine the fiscals:

Let’s say, the favourite in our maiden at Chepstow is at 3/1 on course. Betfair uses decimal odds to facilitate the Stock Market style trading and hedging that helps make it so popular. To get the decimal odds add 1 and then 0.5 (for the favourite).

The odds are better on Betfair as the bookies cannot factor their “cut” or “over round” into the odds. The prices do reflect the Bookmakers prices, but are more lenient as we are betting against other punters, not the bookies.

Betfair just takes a 5% commission from winnings and this percentage actually diminishes the more bets you place.

So the favourite will be at around 4.5 to back on Betfair in this example.

However to “Lay” the horse there is what is known as a “spread” in Stock Market terminology.

The difference between buying and selling a share equates to the difference between backing and laying a horse as detailed in Part 3 of this series.

It is always more expensive to lay a horse than to back it, this has to be otherwise the book would not add up. So the lay price of a favourite at traditional 3/1 will be around 4.7 decimal.

If you lay this horse to lose for Ј1 at 4.7 and it does lose, you stand to make Ј1 minus Betfair commission of 5% so you get your Ј1 stake back and a profit of 95p. All very good.

However, if perchance the contenders do not perform, your horse suddenly wakes up and goes on to win, then you have to pay for every other horse in the race that lost. So your loss would be your Ј1 stake * 4.7 = Ј4.70

So let us examine this data from another perspective; it can be said that you are going to need 5 of the above type of lays to make enough profit to pay for 1 race where the horse you laid goes on to win i. e. a losing bet.

And, this example is laying the favourite at the lowest odds of all the horses in the race.

Just to hammer the nails into the coffin of your “Lay” strategy, look at the “Fate of the favourites” as detailed by Adrian Masseys’ excellent free resource which records and analyzes the results of UK horse racing over the last 15 years. AdrianMassey. com.

It can be seen that across all flat races 33% of favourites go on to win their races with the figure for flat handicaps at 25% Favourites win their races in 38% of National Hunt races with the figure for Handicap hurdles at 30%.

Averaging these figures we could say that approximately 1 in 3 races are won by favourites. Yet we would need to lay 5 favourites to lose at 3/1 to make a profit.

Are you that good at spotting weak favourites??

This is the reality of laying horses on the betting exchanges.

You are ticking along nicely……bam! Just one predicted loser wins and you are back to square one.

And I can tell you it is more than just deeply irritating.

This is one area of using Betfair that is usually passed over in the “Pot of Gold” manuals.

The amount of mental energy and anxiety that you can expend on the Betting Exchanges is astonishing and really is something that should be factored in by anyone thinking about using Betfair to make serious money.

Picking horses to win or lose is mentally draining.

The research, the study, the angst, the mental debate and arithmetic required to pick a horse to win or lose with any degree of certainty, and follow it through the stalls round the course and through to the finish will leave many punters thoroughly drained after a few races, and then to see it all thrown away on the last race of the day can be utterly soul destroying.

Obviously the same scenario with a final race victory will be thoroughly satisfying. But in either scenario DO NOT underestimate the amount of mental work, anxiety and stress involved in making a living from Betfair.

In Part 5 I will talk more about “Laying, Backing and Dutching” horses and will reveal some more excellent resources which will help you on your way to Betting Exchange success.

9 sweet secrets of live tournaments

Playing poker online is fun and I dabble at it as well from time to time. But, many players seem to feel that playing in a live tournament is very similar to playing online. Well, it is and it is not. Here are 9 golden tips on how to ease your transition from playing online to playing in a live poker tournament.

1) If you have difficulty facing pressure in daily life, do not think that playing in front of watchful eyes and a roomful of people will have no effect on you. If you are very easily moved and influenced, I suggest you keep your money and forget about playing in a tournament at all and this is relevant even more when talking about a live poker tournament.

2) Wear comfortable and not fashionable clothes. This is not a fashion show: this is poker. Thus, wear those clothes that will help you feel comfortable and at ease. I have known a woman who wore tight jeans and then all through the round, she kept fidgeting uncomfortably. Regardless to say, she was the first one to lose and all because she was dressed uncomfortably.

3) Drink only water and even then only a little so that you will not feel thirsty and also will not get the urge to go to the lavatory. Either of the two feelings are disastrous to a poker player in the midst of a hand.

4) Do not drink alcohol or even sugared soft drinks. Alcohol will cause you to lose your concentration and sweet drinks give a false sense of well-being; both will work against you when you play in a live game.

5) Do not sit next to the dealer. Most poker tournaments allow you to pick your seat in the earlier rounds. It is best to sit opposite the dealer so that you will be able to look at each and every poker player.

6) Try not to change positions while playing. If you really begin to feel uncomfortable, change your position after a hand ends. In not circumstance should you move while playing.

7) Go to the toilet when the break is announced and do not hang around talking. It is best to loosen your gall bladder than exchanging a few words with other players.

8) Watch how others are doing. Those about to lose will opt to play only when they have strong hands; those with a large stack will be more willing to risk it.

9) Learn the rules and regulations of the particular poker tournament you have entered so as to save unnecessary losses.

Live poker games are against people and so if you can read people well, you will have an advantage when playing in a tournament. But do not over-estimate your opponents. Many poker pros fall to relatively unknown players because they are over-confident. So, study the game (You can do this by reading tips and the like at websites like gambling-portal. com and others) , think wisely and calmly and you stand a good chance of reaping in the first prize.

Travel to argentina tango your way through temptation

Argentina is in all ways the definition of fabulous, as most Argentineans would be more than happy to tell you. South America’s darling and second largest nation (after Brazil) is teeming with fantastic culture and biodiversity, ultra hip cities like Buenos Aires and an unabated passion for fine wine, scrumptious steak and an uncompromised quality of life. Following a recent economic crisis, the country is just as splendid a destination while leaving a far smaller hole in your wallet.

Raise Your Glass, Your Consciousness and Your Elevation

Argentina’s central fertile plain of the Pampas is the main agriculture hub and South America’s world renowned wine producing region. Cуrdoba, Argentina’s second city, is the heart of this region and full of universities, historic museums and an extremely posh and youthful nightlife. Just southwest of Cуrdoba is the wine capital of Mendoza. Come for the harvest festivals at the end of February and stay to enjoy the warm hospitality during a vineyard tour of the many bodegas in March and April. Explore the surrounding rocky desert by hopping on a horseback riding expedition or paddling down some whitewater with a local guide.

Nestled against the Andes Mountain Range, the Mendoza region is also home to South America’s tallest peak, Cerro Aconcagua, at 22,834 ft. Guided trekking expeditions to the top can be arranged for those with appropriate expertise. Others may find the trip to base camp exhilarating enough. The area is an extremely popular Andes ski destination as well, including the winter resorts of Las Leсas and San Carlos de Bariloche.

Global Heritage, National Treasure

The diversity of wildlife and terrain in Argentina is arguably unmatched in South America. Penнnsula Valdйs is a World Heritage Site on the east coast of the Patagonian region with more visible biodiversity than any other region in Argentina. Sea lions, penguins, whales, armadillos, guanacos and gray foxes all grace the shores with their regular presence at certain times of the year. Enjoy the pristine quality of surrounding Patagonia, quite possibly the cleanest place on earth. Farther south, Parque Nacional Los Glaciares (Glacier National Park) is literally an incredibly moving experience. Strategically placed cat-walks and guided tours allow visitors to see the remarkable sliding ice blocks from stable distances, including the gargantuan Perito Moreno Glacier. This also might be the closest you have ever found yourself to the South Pole!

Argentina’s unique north-south axis makes for a most dynamic single-county travel opportunity. Jungles in the far north, glaciers in the deep south, the Incan Andes to the West and just about everything imaginable in between make up just a few reasons why anyone must explore Argentina – not to mention the wildly alive and electrifying epicenter that is the capital city of Buenos Aires. Don’t forget that in the southern hemisphere the seasons are reversed. January is extremely hot in the north, with temperatures exceeding 110F in places. The south is cold, still with the coldest months from May to September.

Fact and truth

Thought experiments (Gedankenexperimenten) are "facts" in the sense that they have a "real life" correlate in the form of electrochemical activity in the brain. But it is quite obvious that they do not relate to facts "out there". They are not true statements.

But do they lack truth because they do not relate to facts? How are Truth and Fact interrelated?

One answer is that Truth pertains to the possibility that an event will occur. If true – it must occur and if false – it cannot occur. This is a binary world of extreme existential conditions. Must all possible events occur? Of course not. If they do not occur would they still be true? Must a statement have a real life correlate to be true?

Instinctively, the answer is yes. We cannot conceive of a thought divorced from brainwaves. A statement which remains a mere potential seems to exist only in the nether land between truth and falsity. It becomes true only by materializing, by occurring, by matching up with real life. If we could prove that it will never do so, we would have felt justified in classifying it as false. This is the outgrowth of millennia of concrete, Aristotelian logic. Logical statements talk about the world and, therefore, if a statement cannot be shown to relate directly to the world, it is not true.

This approach, however, is the outcome of some underlying assumptions:

First, that the world is finite and also close to its end. To say that something that did not happen cannot be true is to say that it will never happen (i. e., to say that time and space – the world – are finite and are about to end momentarily).

Second, truth and falsity are assumed to be mutually exclusive. Quantum and fuzzy logics have long laid this one to rest. There are real world situations that are both true and not-true. A particle can "be" in two places at the same time. This fuzzy logic is incompatible with our daily experiences but if there is anything that we have learnt from physics in the last seven decades it is that the world is incompatible with our daily experiences.

The third assumption is that the psychic realm is but a subset of the material one. We are membranes with a very particular hole-size. We filter through only well defined types of experiences, are equipped with limited (and evolutionarily biased) senses, programmed in a way which tends to sustain us until we die. We are not neutral, objective observers. Actually, the very concept of observer is disputable – as modern physics, on the one hand and Eastern philosophy, on the other hand, have shown.

Imagine that a mad scientist has succeeded to infuse all the water in the world with a strong hallucinogen. At a given moment, all the people in the world see a huge flying saucer. What can we say about this saucer? Is it true? Is it "real"?

There is little doubt that the saucer does not exist. But who is to say so? If this statement is left unsaid – does it mean that it cannot exist and, therefore, is untrue? In this case (of the illusionary flying saucer), the statement that remains unsaid is a true statement – and the statement that is uttered by millions is patently false.

Still, the argument can be made that the flying saucer did exist – though only in the minds of those who drank the contaminated water. What is this form of existence? In which sense does a hallucination "exist"? The psychophysical problem is that no causal relationship can be established between a thought and its real life correlate, the brainwaves that accompany it. Moreover, this leads to infinite regression. If the brainwaves created the thought – who created them, who made them happen? In other words: who is it (perhaps what is it) that thinks?

The subject is so convoluted that to say that the mental is a mere subset of the material is to speculate

It is, therefore, advisable to separate the ontological from the epistemological. But which is which? Facts are determined epistemologically and statistically by conscious and intelligent observers. Their "existence" rests on a sound epistemological footing. Yet we assume that in the absence of observers facts will continue their existence, will not lose their "factuality", their real life quality which is observer-independent and invariant.

What about truth? Surely, it rests on solid ontological foundations. Something is or is not true in reality and that is it. But then we saw that truth is determined psychically and, therefore, is vulnerable, for instance, to hallucinations. Moreover, the blurring of the lines in Quantum, non-Aristotelian, logics implies one of two: either that true and false are only "in our heads" (epistemological) – or that something is wrong with our interpretation of the world, with our exegetic mechanism (brain). If the latter case is true that the world does contain mutually exclusive true and false values – but the organ which identifies these entities (the brain) has gone awry. The paradox is that the second approach also assumes that at least the perception of true and false values is dependent on the existence of an epistemological detection device.

Can something be true and reality and false in our minds? Of course it can (remember "Rashomon"). Could the reverse be true? Yes, it can. This is what we call optical or sensory illusions. Even solidity is an illusion of our senses – there are no such things as solid objects (remember the physicist's desk which is 99.99999% vacuum with minute granules of matter floating about).

To reconcile these two concepts, we must let go of the old belief (probably vital to our sanity) that we can know the world. We probably cannot and this is the source of our confusion. The world may be inhabited by "true" things and "false" things. It may be true that truth is existence and falsity is non-existence. But we will never know because we are incapable of knowing anything about the world as it is.

We are, however, fully equipped to know about the mental events inside our heads. It is there that the representations of the real world form. We are acquainted with these representations (concepts, images, symbols, language in general) – and mistake them for the world itself. Since we have no way of directly knowing the world (without the intervention of our interpretative mechanisms) we are unable to tell when a certain representation corresponds to an event which is observer-independent and invariant and when it corresponds to nothing of the kind. When we see an image – it could be the result of an interaction with light outside us (objectively "real"), or the result of a dream, a drug induced illusion, fatigue and any other number of brain events not correlated with the real world. These are observer-dependent phenomena and, subject to an agreement between a sufficient number of observers, they are judged to be true or "to have happened" (e. g., religious miracles).

To ask if something is true or not is not a meaningful question unless it relates to our internal world and to our capacity as observers. When we say "true" we mean "exists", or "existed", or "most definitely will exist" (the sun will rise tomorrow). But existence can only be ascertained in our minds. Truth, therefore, is nothing but a state of mind. Existence is determined by observing and comparing the two (the outside and the inside, the real and the mental). This yields a picture of the world which may be closely correlated to reality – and, yet again, may not.

The inability to use cpap for the entire night

On many nights, new CPAP users begin their night with a good effort by using their CPAP. Sometimes, however, compliance is not continued throughout the night. The inability to use CPAP for the entire night is a great disservice to your health. The greater part of REM sleep, the most restful part of sleep, is toward the end of the night between the hours of 4 to 6 am. REM sleep is often referred to as "Dream Sleep" and is essential to getting a restful night's sleep.

There are 5 stages of sleep beginning with stage 1 and ending with stage 5. Stage 1 lasts approximately 1-7 minutes at the onset of sleep. It is a transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep. Stage 2 takes up the largest portion of your Sleep time. While it is a bit deeper than stage 1, it is still considered to be a light shallow stage of sleep. Stages 3 and 4 are deeper slow wave sleep. Stage 3 is more of a transitional stage to 4 some where between 2 and 4. REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) or Dream Sleep is Stage 5 Sleep. During this stage, muscles are completely relaxed and slack. The most significant Obstructive Sleep Apnea events occur while on your back and in REM sleep due to the loss in muscle tone. While muscle tone is still present in stage 1-4, it has disappeared during stage 5 and so it no longer helps to keep the airway open.

The first REM appears about 90 minutes after you go to sleep. Then the cycle begins again back to stage 2 as the night progresses. Stage 3 and 4 get shorter and your REM gets longer. At 5 am your REM is at its peak lasting up to 1 hour long. By this time of the night, your stage 3 and 4 are almost non-existent. A normal sleep pattern has between 4 and 5 REM cycles. The night's sleep cycle often goes like this, Stage 1–2-3-4 - REM then back to stage 2 -3-4 – REM then back again to 2 repeat 4 to 5 times with the last one have very little to No stage 3 and 4 in it and the REM time getting longer and longer while the Deep sleep stage 3 and 4 get shorter. What sleep apnea does is to disrupt the natural sleep cycle. The deeper the Sleep cycle, the more OSA your going to have. When you obstructed and need air, you have to come out of those deeper stages. Once back to stage 1- 2 you can now take a breath. This fragments your Deep sleep and REM by not allowing you any deep sleep, or very little real restful sleep and you will never feel refreshed. An OSA person will get a lot of stage 2 light sleep and very little Deep (Slow Wave) or REM sleep. So even though you say "how can I not be sleeping well, I sleep 9-10 hours a night and nap during the day!". The answer is you’re getting a lot of sleep but not the quality of sleep that allows you to feel rested.

In conclusion if you’re taking your CPAP off at 2 or 3 am your doing yourself a disservice just before you need it the most. Your apnea will be at its worst and your reparative sleep at its best.

Obesity and binge eating

Obesity is a condition that has become a major health concern affecting many individuals in the United States. This condition refers to the build-up of excess body fat that may impair health conditions. Obese individuals are prone to health risks like cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, sleep apnea, and many more. These health hazards have prompted many people to include a weight-loss program in their lifestyles. However many health experts advice individuals to understand the cause weight-gain is essential in preventing the additional cases of obesity.

Understanding the cause of obesity might enable overweight individuals to treat their health problems. According to clinical studies, one probable cause of obesity among Americans is an eating disorder called binge eating. It is an eating disorder whereby individuals have a strong addiction for food. The cause of this condition is still unclear but experts suggest stress, anxiety, and depression can trigger compulsive eating disorder. Individuals with this condition crave for food even though they do not need to eat that much. They end up eating too much and not realizing that they should not once they are fool. Individuals with binge eating disorder may gain weight overtime and have obesity problems. However, there are some individuals who have this condition and have normal weight.

Eating too much is one of the symptoms of binge eating disorder. Eating when not hungry or eating while being sad, angry, lonely, or bored can also be a symptom of this condition. After binging, one might feel upset, guilty, or depressed. These individuals may also feel alone because they are embarrassed of about how much they eat. Eating in secret is also a symptom of binge eating disorder.

The common treatment for binge eating disorder may include the use of medication like antidepressant pill or counseling or a combination of the two. Recent treatment for this condition includes cognitive-behavioral therapy which teaches patients to monitor their eating habits and respond properly to difficult situations. Treatment for this condition may last for extended period to fully recover. Individuals with this condition which includes depression, obesity, and other conditions that may be associated with being overweight.

Health experts advise individuals to include exercise and nutritious diet in their lifestyle to eliminate depression and anxiety. Physical activities promotes the release of endorphins. Endorphins are substances that is released by the brain and is the body's natural pain-reliever. These substance may elevate the mood and promote a state of bliss. Many health specialists refer to this phenomenon as the runner's high. When this state well-being is accomplished the use for antidepressant pill may not be necessary. For overweight or obese individuals, it is never too late to engage in regular exercise and healthy diets. Exercise is good for different people of all ages, sex, and weight. It is necessary to maintain improved overall health and enhanced well-being. Individuals who decide to include a regular program of physical activity should consult doctors and other health professionals for advice. This is important because a lot of individuals tend to workout too much or workout improperly, which may do more harm than good. Understanding proper workout and including a healthy diet in one's lifestyle may lead to improved health and overall well-being and therefore eliminate mental disorders that may lead to eating disorders like binge eating.

Led headlamps make hiking and camping easier

If you are still using a hand held torch for your lighting needs after dark, then you are missing out on a wonderful tool that could help you immensely in any after-dark task. No matter what great quality hand held flashlight you have, it cannot compare to the comfort and convenience of an LED headlamp. Even LED flashlights, while they are comparable in power and quality, are less convenient than the hands-free and hassle-free LED headlamps.

There is no task too big or too small for an LED head lamp to tackle, from working underneath your car or underneath your house to exploring caves, camping, and even performing rescue work at night when you certainly want both hands to be as free as possible. These lights leave your hands free for other important tasks, and the fact that you are not carrying them makes them almost drop-proof.

LED headlamps are superior to most other kinds of headlamp because of the high quality LED bulbs that they utilize. These bulbs burn brighter than traditional incandescent bulbs, putting out a brighter, whiter light. They also use less power, which means that the LED bulb will go through fewer batteries and work better and longer to give you the light that you need for many, many hours at a time.

Another great feature of LED bulbs is that they last much longer than incandescent bulbs, so once you get your headlamp going and fresh batteries installed, you can count on hundreds of hours of use time from your bulb. This is far better than worrying about whether your incandescent bulb might survive the next trip since it is almost impossible to carry a spare when you are going to be out in the wild.

A good LED head lamp will have fully adjustable straps to help you get the comfortable fit that you need to feel confident in your light. Your LED head lamp should fit you well and be able to remain in place no matter what activities you are taking part in, and should be able to utilize the hinged adjuster to put the light in just the right place for you. You will never have to worry about sparing a hand to aim a bulky flashlight again!

You shouldn’t forget that the quality of light that comes from an LED headlamp is far superior as well. The light that comes out of a good LED headlamp will be bright white, and can be seen in some cases for up to 3,000 yards. Don’t worry too much about blinding your entire party, though. An LED headlamp should also come with a dimmer switch to get your light at just the right level for whatever location and activity you find yourself participating in.

LED headlamps are perfect for camping because they leave your hands free for campsite chores. They are great for working in small spaces, great for emergencies, and full of uses for you to discover if you put your mind to it.

~Ben Anton, 2007

A curious tale about solar panels

THE SEPTEMBER 2006 ISSUE OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN was dedicated to exploring the future of energy beyond the carbon era. The editors share a sobering outlook: 'Decades may pass before hydrogen-powered trucks and cars relegate gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles to antique auto shows.' Until that happens, we’ll 'muddle-through' somehow. (Scientific American: 3)

But why does it take so long for some energy technologies to get from the lab and industrial applications to the service of consumers? Take solar panels, for example.

A high-street electronics chain in London now sells educational solar-power kits for around the Ј20 mark. Serious, roof-dwelling solar panels that will power equipment in your home sell in DIY superstores at around Ј2,500. That’s a price-tag for the wealthy or very committed, but at least consumers can push their trolleys past the technology

SOLAR PANELS HAVE ONLY RECENTLY APPEARED on the shelves of retail outlets, so you'd forgive them for posing as new technology. But they're not. While England was priming itself for what was to become its most famous World Cup, a contributor to the July 1966 edition of Wireless World faced a copy deadline for the magazine. His name was D. Bollen, and he provided a circuit for a solar-powered battery charger.

As he put it: 'The ability of solar cells to convert sunlight directly into useful electrical energy has been well demonstrated in satellite applications. An advantage of the solar battery is that is allows true, unattended operation in locations remote from a power supply and…promises an outstanding degree of reliability.’ (Wireless World: 343)

Over four meticulously-illustrated pages, Bollen goes on to provide a blueprint for a circuit that will trickle-charge a battery from a solar cell. Bollen shows that you can run something that uses one milliamp of current for '2.74 hours' in a 24 hour period. He leaves us guessing what application he had in mind for this tiny current, but the rig could also have powered the bulb of a toy torch for a few seconds a day.

Still, the circuit is there and the date is mid-1966. Don’t be distracted by Bollen’s talk of ‘satellite applications’. His circuit is a million miles from rocket-science – in fact it’s the simplest of the bunch in this edition of a magazine that was pitched at everyone between novice constructor and electronics professional.

Someone with barely any experience could have thrown a demonstration version of this circuit together in fifteen minutes flat. And all the parts were available from specialist suppliers in London and south-east England.

The listed supplier for 'assorted selenium and silicon cells' is International Rectifier. I contacted the company to find out how much a similar solar-cell cost at the time Bollen wrote his feature.

A single cell measuring about a centimetre by two centimetres cost four dollars, right up to 1966. In his feature, Bollen describes various combinations between one cell and four, so the most expensive part of his circuit cost between four and 16 dollars, or about $25-100 dollars in today's money.

World's first solar-powered car: 1912

But what came back from International Rectifier (IR) proved far more interesting than price information. It turns out that the company had demonstrated the world's first solar-powered car - a 1912 model of the Baker Electric - as early as 1958. They achieved the stunt by making a high-output solar panel - less than two metres long and just over a metre wide - from a whole bank of little solar cells.

Commercial, industrial and military customers went on to buy solar panels from International Rectifier.

SO WHY HAS IT TAKEN ALMOST FIFTY YEARS for solar panels to reach our shops?

Southface, a non-profit, sustainable-living organisation based in the USA, point out that solar-cell technology has had been uselessly competing against the relative fall in price that occurred in the fossil-fuel market in the nineties.

But Southface believe that major orders of consumer solar cell units in countries such as Japan may finally signal the start of an era when solar cell production will benefit from economies of scale.

I hope so. In the meantime, it's anyone's guess how long will it take for the consumer-led technology revolution to swat our energy problems.

©Alistair Siddons, 2006

Home security-more on burglary prevention

:
In 2004 the Bureau of Justice reported that:
-77% of all crime was property related
-17% of all crime domiciles were violated by a burglar
-85% of all burglaries the offender gained entry into the house or other building.

In the article "Home Security: Do It Yourself Home Security" we talked about ideas to prevent entry to your home. But the fact is that a determined burglar will get into your home. That is his job and let's face it, looking at the statistics, they are unfortunately good at it. Remember this: property crime occurs every 3 seconds, a home burglary every 15 seconds.

The home burglary that has received the most attention recently involved the theft of a laptop from a Veteran's Affairs analysts' home. The laptop reportedly had the personal data for 26.5 million veterans.

Three other tactics might be used to help prevent a burglary are home security alarms or burglar alarms, property marking and home security cameras.

Property marking is simply marking all your valuables with an identifying "signature" so they can readily be identified when recovered. Methods of marking include micro dots, laser pens, and ultraviolet pens. The key here is to have signage letting everyone know your property won't be so easy to sell on the black market because it is marked. Believe it or not most burglars do read and study their targets.

Home security cameras as part of a home security system are very effective in two respects. First as a deterrent. If a burglar sees that a property is covered with surveillance cameras they will have second thoughts in targeting that property. Second, if they are not that smart and decide to enter anyhow, a good surveillance system will capture the images of the perpetrator making it easier for the police to capture the bad guys. Home security cameras can be wired or wireless, real or dummy, indoor or outdoor, or any combination thereof.

Alarms can act as a successful deterrent. 90 % of police believe alarms deter burglary attempts. There are all kinds of alarms including expensive home security alarm systems monitored by ex-police officers. Silent, noisy, wired, wireless, door, window, motion, monitored, unmonitored-you name it and there is an alarm for it. Signage again is the key. Let burglars know they are in for a hard time ahead of time. The thing is alarms work.

Alarms, surveillance cameras, and property marking are three more ways you can protect your home from burglary. Home security has become a huge business in the United States. With the advances in home security alarms, home security systems including wireless home security and home security cameras maybe, just maybe the bad guys will think twice before breaking into your home

If you think crime can only happen to the other guy you are wrong. The "other guy" is thinking the same thing and YOU are that "other guy". There is a reason why they call it self defense. You have to protect yourself.

Iso - light quality

The ability to change ISO on digital cameras provides the professional (and amateur, if he knows enough about technology) photographer opportunity to create quality images virtually anywhere and anytime.

In a nutshell, ISO technology replaced the old ASA on cameras requiring film. With our older models, we had to change film with different ASA if we wanted a different speed of film. Now, our digital cameras allow us to change ISO on a settings menu with a turn of the dial. No change of film is required, and images are saved on the memory card regardless of ISO setting.

Digital cameras use image sensors instead of film, and ISO (International Standards Organization) simply denotes how sensitive the image sensor is to the amount of light present. If the ISO is set at a high level, for example, the image sensors are more sensitive and pictures can be taken in relatively little light. On the other hand, lower ISO settings are used when more light is available.

Most digital cameras today have an ‘ISO Auto’ mode, which simply put, means the camera will select a higher or lower ISO, depending on available light. For the amateur’s needs for ease of use and quality pictures, the auto mode works well most if not all the time. However the professional photographer will need to learn to manually select ISO for quality pictures.

If you are not depending on ‘ISO Auto’ mode, the light meter on the camera tells you when you need to change the ISO. If there is not enough light for good exposure, you have a choice of either using the flash mode or changing the ISO. Using flash may be the best choice for good exposure. On the other hand, if you are in a museum or facility that does not allow flash photography, you always have the option of selecting the next higher ISO setting and a faster shutter speed. Adjusting ISO usually requires an adjustment in shutter speed and aperture.

If you have more light than you need and are in danger of bleaching out the photo, lowering the ISO will lower the image sensors and exposure is more likely to result in good quality. Again, depending upon what you want to capture in the photo, you may also need to adjust shutter speed and f-stop (aperture).

Our message in this discussion is that understanding ISO and developing the ability to adjust it depending upon the scene you’re shooting is another valuable tool in your camera bag. Appropriately adjusting ISO to circumstances of light equals good quality pictures.

English lake district traditions

There is little doubt that those who have visited the regions of the English Lake District and Cumbria will recall and recount with pleasure the images of the lakes, mountains and tarns which together are the fundamental components of this beautiful area.

There may also be some damp memories of a place with an above average rainfall. A phlegmatic Australian work colleague when caught in a particularly heavy shower during a visit some years ago concluded that it was “wet as an otters pocket”. This definition is certainly a strong contender for inclusion in all Lake District and Cumbria tourist information publications.

A well known feature of the region is one where rapidly changing weather conditions can transform a rainy day to one of clearing skies and sunshine within a short space of time, or vice-versa. This is especially so on the higher ground, and it is easy to visualize the difficulties experienced by the hill farmers and those workers, who, in earlier times, toiled all year round to collect the stone scattered on the fell-sides to use for building the dry stone walls which wind up and over seemingly impossibly steep gradients.

Areas of these fell-sides are the proving grounds in the traditional tests of skill and endurance by the men and women fell racers, and the dogs in the hound trailing contests.

Born in 1808, Will Ritson, a shepherd, wrestler, and latterly, landlord of the Wasdale Head Inn, was renowned as a highly entertaining raconteur of colourful tales. It is reported that even William Wordsworth and Thomas De Quincey on occasions, were to be found among an appreciative crowd of listeners.

He told of owning a dog, a cross between a trail hound and a golden eagle, capable of soaring over the dry stone walls and any other obstacle in its path. Credulous visitors from out of County were enthralled by his account of locally grown giant turnips, which, he said, were of such massive proportions, that villagers would spend weeks carving out edible portions before surrendering the remaining outer skins as shelters for the Herdwick sheep.

The end result of the popularity of Will’s yarns has been the creation of the annual “Biggest Liar in the World” competition. The contest is held each year at the Bridge Inn, Santon, before an enthusiastic audience well nourished on a menu of “tatie pie” consisting of local mutton, black pudding, potatoes and red cabbage, washed down by some of the very fine and potent locally brewed ale. Be careful that tiger beef has not been an added ingredient!

There is no record of Will entering the “World Gurning Championship” held during the annual Egremont Crab Fair each September. Contestants stand on a stage with a horse collar placed over their head and shoulders. This unlikely adornment frames the attempts to contort their faces into distorted expressions. Winners of the most bizarre and grotesque faces are decided by the level of audience applause. It is believed that the Lake District in Cumbria is the only place in the world where such a contest is held. Visitors to our region may well hear a recalcitrant local child being reprimanded in terms of “stop yer gurning.”

Tradition is important to the town and village communities and many hours are spent in preparation for the village shows of the summer months featuring sheep-dog trials, sheep-shearing demonstrations, ferret racing (yes, ferret racing), livestock displays, side stalls, home-baked produce, and of course, Cumberland Wrestling.

Two very popular events are the Cumbria Steam Gathering of early traction engines, vintage/veteran buses, fire-engines, cars, motor-cycles and machinery, and the Westmorland County Show with emphasis on livestock, plus side-stalls offering a wide selection of wares including local products. Children are always well-catered for at all venues with an assortment of amusements both for the toddler and the older child.

This diverse blend of local events will add something extra to your visit and you will sense the local pride and be able to observe customs and timeless traditions which combine to make the Lake District and Cumbria so unique.

Free affiliate programs - how students or anyone can work part-time at home

Are you a college or high school student who only has time for a part-time job but can't find one that pays enough? Hate your boss and/or can't stand your co-workers? Have you been searching long and hard for a route to financial freedom that doesn't involve any bosses except for yourself? Do you have a web site? If you have a web site with some traffic (or even if you don't, on my blog you can learn how to make an online living without one), you can make money by having links to online merchant shops appear on your web site. When a visitor to your site clicks on the link pointing to the web site of the merchant you are affiliated with, and then proceeds to buy something, you get a commission of that sale. Depending on the merchant, this can range anywhere from 5% - 75% of the sale. There are also some merchants who will pay for each click or each lead generated from your site. A lead is a new visitor to the site or shop that inquires about information, prices, or prize/coupon offers.

By having these links on your web site, you are called an affiliate, and the links are called affiliate links. An affiliate program isn't literally a program it's a business arrangement or agreement. Affiliate programs are also commonly known as associate programs, associates programs, partner programs, referral programs and sometimes bounty programs.

For anyone new to Internet marketing and work at home businesses they provide an excellent, high value opportunity in that it's a way to earn money without producing your own product!

To register into an affiliate program is almost always free, and through the affiliate program merchants control panel all you need to start making an income is the linking code, a way to monitor the traffic through your links, and to see what commission you have earned. Visitors who click your link to the merchants' site are called "click-throughs" and the percent of click-through visitors that purchase something on the affiliate merchants' site are called your CR, your Conversion Rate. Likewise, your CTR, or Click-Through Rate, is the percent of visitors to your site that end-up clicking on an affiliate link.

An affiliate program is not a MLM (Multi-Level Marketing) program, since the affiliates only earn from sales, leads or clicks. Some affiliate programs offer what is called a "Two-Tier" program and this is in most cases not considered a MLM program. MLM programs are sometimes called a "Matrix" or "Downline" program and often have an unlimited number of sub-affiliates you can sign up under you. Your downline is everyone who has signed up under you and likewise your "upline" is everyone who signed up above you.

There is also networks operated by third-party companies and individuals where multiple merchants and affiliates use a common software and administrative infrastructure (usually just a simple admin section of a web site) to recruit affiliates and monitor the traffic from their sites. These types of networks are often called affiliate networks. Both the merchants and the potential affiliates need to register with the network. Usually most affiliate networks are free to join because they get a part of the commission but some do charge a fee. Affiliates can find links to the online shops of hundreds of merchants to use on their affiliate driven web sites. Examples of affiliate networks are Commission Junction and ClickBank. You can find links to affiliate networks on my blog (link at end of article).

I am of the opinion that the best affiliate web sites are the ones made from a high demand, low supply niche dedicated to one of your hobbies or interests and something you know a lot about and can provide good value to your visitors. However, if you are not great at writing articles you can find article directories and content sites. Visit my blog to find links to article directories and content.

What will work best for you wont necessarily be the same thing that works for others, you have to experiment and diversify your methods. The most important factor will however depend upon the kind of traffic you have and can generate and the interests of the individuals visiting your site.

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Amazing vacations with car hire in europe

Car hire in Europe can be a unique and unforgettable way for Americans to become acquainted with the grandeur and history of Europe. If you are not familiar with the term "car hire," it simply means car rental or renting a car. Seeing ancient architecture, picturesque villas, vibrant vineyards, and majestic mountains from the cockpit of a convertible is an exhilarating experience. Here are some tips and advice for maximizing the fun of your car hire in Europe.

When planning your European vacation, consider a car hire in your destination country rather than transportation by train or bus. Make your reservations far in advance, print all travel and rental confirmations, and take them with you. Much of the "paperwork" can now be done online.

Bring your normal driver's license with you, and all your insurance information. Just like the car rental companies in your own country, the ones in Europe need proof that you are an eligible and responsible driver. Find out what other documentation, if any, you will need for a car hire in your European destination country.

Determine in advance what make and model of car you will be getting, and whether you can drive it! If you can't drive a stick shift or manual transmission car, this may limit your vehicle choices. Ask about the price, availability, and types of fuel. You may end up with a Dodge that runs on diesel rather than a Renault that runs on regular.

Always take the supplemental insurance offered by the car hire company. A car accident is stressful enough at home, with the police, the insurance company, and the other driver. Imagine what a nightmare an accident would be when you are 3,000 miles from home and don't even speak the language.

Finally, be prepared for surprises. If you're an American who has never traveled abroad, trying to drive in a country that drives on the opposite side of the road will probably present some difficulty. Likewise, traffic circles may throw you for a loop if they are new to you. And don't attempt the German Autobahn on your first day. Take some time to learn the local German driving customs, especially those concerning merging and passing other cars. And don't forget to load up on the supplemental insurance.

A car hire in Europe will be a challenging but fun vacation you will never forget. Do your research, learn the customs, and plan your route. It will be a drive in the country that will last a lifetime.

Use the free tips below to start planning your high-octane vacation abroad today.

Getting familiar with another natural birth control method

For many couples, having a child is a source of

joy brought about by careful thought and conscious

choice. It is also a tough decision to make most

especially for women who have other things in mind

such as their career or further studies. For

millions of women and their partners who opt not

to get pregnant, contraception is always a viable

option.

Christians have always condemned contraceptive

sex. Both forms mentioned in the Bible, “coitus

interruptus” and sterilization, are condemned

without exception. The early Fathers recognized

that the purpose of sexual intercourse in natural

law is procreation, hence contraceptive sex, which

deliberately blocks that purpose, is a violation

of natural law. However, in this day and age,

things are changing and contraception can not be

disregarded.

Birth control or contraception is a course of

therapy involving one or more actions, devices, or

medications that prevents pregnancy. In other

words, the mechanisms responsible for lessening

the possibility of the fertilization of an ovum by

a spermatozoon can be precisely referred to as

contraception.

Stepping into the past, the oldest methods of

contraception included “coitus interruptus,”

certain barrier methods, and herbal methods.

Historic records say that Egyptian women used a

pessary made of various acidic substances and

lubricated with honey or oil, which was good at

killing sperm. In Asia, women took to oiled paper

as a cervical cap while the Europeans had

supposedly used bee wax.

It was not before the seventeenth century that the

condom came into being. The earliest forms of

condoms were actually made from animal intestine.

It was only with the advent of modern latex

condoms, that they became all the very effective

and accepted. It came to prominence as an

effective means of contraception and not to

mention giving hopes avoiding syphilis whatsoever.

There are other types of contraception, too many

to choose from, but if couples want to go for a

natural birth control method, Fertility Awareness

Method (FAM) can be a solution. Any method of

identifying the fertile and infertile time in the

menstrual cycle by self observations is a kind of

fertility awareness method. The term Fertility

Awareness Method, or FAM, however, has come to be

associated with the “three over six” way of

identifying ovulation and the infertile or fertile

time. This method, similarly described by both the

World Health Organization and Professor John

Marshall in the 1960s and geared largely for

couples wishing to avoid pregnancy, identifies

ovulation after three temperatures above the

previous six temperatures have been observed and

cervical fluid has dried up. A coverline is then

drawn slightly above the highest of the six

temperatures before the temperature rise.

FAM also refers to a natural birth control method

outside of a religious framework that supports the

use of barrier methods (such as condom, diaphragm,

and spermicide), emergency contraception, and

abortion. It allows a woman to identify days in

her menstrual cycle on which they are likely to be

fertile. Many women use this information to help

them get pregnant, but it can also be used to help

them avoid pregnancy.

FAM is often confused with the ineffective rhythm

method, which uses mathematical calculations based

on past cycle lengths to predict infertile days

for the present cycle. FAM relies only on daily

observation of fertility changes in the present

and is deemed more effective. It eliminates the

problems of hormones affecting the milk in

breastfeeding women and avoids the hassle of

staining which can occur with pills and IUDs.

FAM is a natural birth control method that is safe

and highly effective when used correctly and

consistently.

Philippine travel when and where

When you’re about to embark on a journey to the Philippines, the two most important questions to ask is “when” and “where”. If you’re traveling to the Philippines, do be aware that the experiences you’re about to encounter is unlike anything you’d encounter anywhere else in the world. Each and every country has its own unique experience to offer you and when you travel to the Philippines, you should expect the same.

When Is It Best To Travel To The Philippines?

Are you allergic to rain? If so, it would do you good to avoid traveling to this part of Southeast Asia during the months of June till November as that’s when the occasional typhoon or two makes time to visit the Philippines. Traveling during the rainy season of the Philippines can be quite a hassle, especially if you don’t have a car. But if you do, you could expect smaller crowds to contend with as most people tend to stay indoors.

If you’re unable to take the heat and still be merry, then you should not travel to the Philippines during the months of March till May because that’s officially the summer season of the country. Everyone heads for the nearest beach so if you don’t want to feel crowded when you’re sunbathing, set your travel date for another time of the year. The Easter season is always busy for everyone in the Philippines so expect a difficult time on reserving transportation when it’s Holy Week.

If you’re on the lookout for the world-famous fiestas that only the Philippines could offer, schedule your travel date for January, May or December. The flower season of Baguio – described as the summer capital of the Philippines because of its perennially cool weather – is something to look forward to. And then there’s the Santacruzan during May and which each and every town parades its most beautiful residents in a walk around town.

Where In The Philippines Is It Best To Travel To?

There are so many types of places to visit in the Philippines that it’s hard to enumerate each and every one of them. Beaches, however, are one of the most favorite travel spots of the country so if you want to enjoy your stay in a beautiful paradise of clear blue green water and cool white sand, you could check out Tali Beach, the world-famous Boracay or try surfing the secluded beaches of Surigao and La Union.

Keeping warm on the slopes

Here is a list to make sure you have all the proper gear for going skiing.

Tune Up:

Before your skis are going to be ready for this ski season you need to blow the dust off your skis and get them back into shape. During a day of skiing you can get scratches and gouges in the bottom of your skis. These scratches and gouges cause surface friction and will actually reduce your speeds and your control over the skis. It won't affect you that much unless you are a professional racer, but by taking care of your skis they will last you longer. Skis come with sharp metal edges and every year if not every week during ski season these edges need to be sharpened with a file. This edge is for cutting into the ice incase you hit a slick spot on the slope during a turn. A sharp edge will help keep you in control.

Footwear:

Special hard shell boots are used in skiing. The boots snap into the bindings that are mounted to the skis. These boots have foam inserts to provide great comfort to the skier to prevent things like blisters from destroying your ski trip. The hard outer shell keeps you from twisting your ankle if you should fall by keeping your foot and ankle totally immobilized in the boot.

Your polls:

The ski polls you need depend on the type of skiing that you are going to be doing. Straight polls are for downhill recreational skiing and bent polls are for racing so that they can be tucked in behind your body to make your body more aerodynamic. Just like the edges of the skis need to be sharp the tip of the ski polls need to be regularly sharpened for the same reasons. Ski polls also provide balance for beginner level skiers. Ski polls have to be the right height for their user. When the poll is planted in the snow you want your hand to be on the grips and your arm should be bent at 90 degree angle.

Hand Protection:

Just keeping your hands in your pockets when you are on the lift is not enough to keep your hands warm. When you are skiing it is a must to have a good pair of gloves. The gloves must be insulated to keep your hands warm and be water resistant, to keep your hands dry.

Long Johns:

Long Johns are insulated tops and bottoms designed to keep your body heat close to your body and the cold winds out, and are not only good for skiing but any activity that puts you out in the cold for several hours.

Pants and Jacket:

Ski pants and jackets are designed to keep the wind out and will stop water from penetrating in case you should fall and get covered in snow.

Submit your article to article directories-banks dos don ts

The most targeted website traffic will come from article marketing, which means submitting articles to article directories-Banks. Although it is a timeworn expression, it has been confirmed countless times since many internet marketers rely their website promotion on article marketing.

Unfortunately, it is not as simple as it may seem. Only few false actions could lead the internet marketer’s article marketing campaign to failure or at least to ineffectiveness. That happens because that relatively new online marketing method do has some rules. If the marketer does not comply with them, poor results will be the outcome.

• Follow the directory rules.

Although it is tempting to buy a script that submits automatically to article directories, that solution should be avoided. Every article directory publisher has some guidelines and rules that following them to the point is a requirement for accepting the submission.

• Choose the right category.

It seems simple but many people pass it over. The right thematic category where the article should be included has to be chosen carefully not only because of the danger of rejection but also because of the marketing potential, the article will have. The right category means targeted people reading the article, which leads to the conclusion that the information might be interesting and consequently search for more by visiting the writer’s website.

• Be careful with PLR (Private Label Articles).

That’s another one temptation. Why bother writing, since thousands of PLR articles are out there and some of them free? If only it was so simple. Someone else has already submitted the PLR articles before. Therefore, the publisher will reject the resubmitted article. After all, with the advanced anti-copy software that exists in the market it is only a few seconds task to locate the duplicate article.

• Avoid Affiliate Links

Article marketing is a profitable internet marketing technique but not in such way. The “quick buck” tactic is so unprofessional that it is certain it will lead to opposite results. Displaying affiliate links in the article’s text means that writer is a novice and does not know the internet-marketing trend and the reader will be discouraged about reading more. Moreover, many authoritative article banks do not allow affiliate links in the articles and some not even in the resource box. A great example is ezinearticles. com

• Keyword Density is important but proceed with caution.

Keyword Density is the procedure of selecting the right keywords included in the article, aiming to better search engine ranking according to the article’s primary keyword, which eventually leads to more website traffic and sales. The safe ratio for keyword density of the submitted article is the percentage 10%. That means the keywords the writer will use should not overcome the 10% of the overall text. If there is over optimizing search engines will trace it and don’t rank it well (or even at all) and so the whole article marketing strategy will go in vain.

• Submit to all of them? No way.

You have a marketing article and you submit it to a self-improvement directory hoping that they will list it? I t will not happen. The reason is simple. The readers are not targeted and they are not interested in the specific niece. The publisher already knows that and won’t even deal with the article at all. All this is a time consuming process leading to nowhere. The submissions should only take place to relevant article directories-Banks.

• Use short paragraphs.

Do not get beyond the 5-6 lines in every paragraph. It becomes too tiring for the reader the long passages and it will be discouraging for them to continue reading. Short paragraphs will maximize the readership of the article and eventually more clicks to the recourse’s box links.

• Sub headings are necessary.

Sub headings create a more appealing structure for the article. Actually, they take the readers by the head and help them to scan the article on its entirety. If the subheadings are interesting, the readers will stay and keep reading, if not they will leave.